As practiced by expert urologists, urology deals with the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive system. Urologists diagnose and treat kidney stone, urinary tract infection, incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urologic cancers (prostate, bladder, kidney).

Surgical procedures include transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), ureteroscopy, nephrectomy, and vasectomy. This scope of specialty also includes the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men and fertility.